List of American independent films

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This is a list of notable American independent films (which are also known sometimes as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", and/or "quality")[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] that were made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.[8]

Background[edit]

The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,[9][10][11] was previously associated with Poverty Row b movies, exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema[12]), social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")[20][21][4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.[22][23][24][25][26][4]

Differences from Hollywood[edit]

The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films[27][28] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987 satire Hollywood Shuffle, Richard Linklater's 1991 countercultural piece Slacker and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards[11][29]) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation, the polar opposite to the conformist, gray-flannel conformity of 1950s America.[30][16]

Many indie films were made by small companies that were created daily in the 80s and 90s to the point where most of them went bankrupt.[31]

Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration[32][33] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).[34]

Divisions[edit]

Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein[35] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,[36][37] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine alongside producer Ted Hope, at Focus Features.[38][39]

Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors[edit]

Sources[edit]

[41][2][42][20][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]

List of selected notable American independent films[edit]

Pre-1950s[edit]

1950s[edit]

1960s[edit]

1970s[edit]

[47][116][80][72][105][81]≈

1980s[edit]

[161][70][109][110][16][47][136]≈

[160][161][14][70][109][110][47]

[109][14][110][136][80][105][64]≈

[155][46][174][79][184][160][161][70][80][135] [109][168][14][185][110][16][47][72][105]≈

1990s[edit]

[6][181][161][70][80][72]

[72][189][108][16][47][80]≈

[6][181][200][161][47][80][201][81]

[174][79][6][181][204][84][80][189]

[200][161][70][109][108][47]≈

[4][199][159][44][6][70][16][47][64]≈

[161][109][47][80][188][189]

[6][204][84][47][188][189]

[111][70][84][47][80][72]

2000s[edit]

[79][70][109][108][47][80][233]

[255][200][161][236][70][108][84][47][80][233]

2010s[edit]

2020s[edit]

List of notable American independent filmmakers[edit]

[47][80][7][72]

[9][110][16][47][136][80][72][135]

[217][46][174][79][181][161][16][80][315]

[160][161][16][47]

[155][46][174][160][161][9][110][136][80]

[160][110][16][80][7][72]

[161][110][125][72]

[72][51][88]

[47][180][72]

[161][151][121][135]

[46][79][184][161][108][110][47][80]

[174][79][181][161][110][16][47][72][315]

[213][79][161][80][121]

[118][47][136][80][72]

[21][148][174][79][184][160][161][215][168][16][47]

[21][238][5][203][181][161][16][47][80]

[110][72]

References[edit]

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
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  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
  28. ^ a b c d e f How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
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  31. ^ ‘We can’t afford to lose them’: the fight to bring missing movies back|Movies|The Guardian
  32. ^ a b c In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
  33. ^ What's the Difference Between Indie Film and Indie TV? Mark Duplass Explains|Collider
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  36. ^ Review: Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema, by Geoff King|Film Quarterly|University of California Press
  37. ^ Chapter Eight. Maxed Out: Miramax and Indiewood in the New Millennium - De Gruyter
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  41. ^ Somewhere Only We Know on Notebook|MUBI
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  48. ^ New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Indie Film’s Breakout Year: Good Movies Gain Traction Amid Strikes & Superhero Fatigue - Deadline
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Screening American Independent Film - Google Books
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  52. ^ a b c d e f THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA ON EXHIBITION (1979) on MoMA.org
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  58. ^ a b Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
  59. ^ An Election-Year Campaign Video That’s Kind of Nasty - Macleans.ca
  60. ^ Animated cartoon sponsored by union played role in reelecting Roosevelt - California Labor Federation
  61. ^ "The Unnatural History of Independent Animated Films on 16mm". www.awn.com.
  62. ^ a b An indie film lover's dream: Filmzie is an ode to movie buffs (and it's free) - CQ Australia
  63. ^ Independent Filmmaking in the Studio Era: The Poverty Row Studios (1930–50s)|American Independent Cinema: An Introduction|Edinburgh Scholarship Online
  64. ^ a b c d e URI film professor picks five essential American indie films - Rhody Today
  65. ^ Oskar Fischinger, Motion Painting no. 1, 1947|MoMA
  66. ^ Five - Trailers From Hell
  67. ^ 'Emotion' filmmaker Fuller gets his due - SFGATE
  68. ^ a b c The Criterion Channel's July 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  69. ^ a b Stanley Kubrick: The Ultimate Guide to the Legendary Filmmaker|Indie Film Hustle
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  71. ^ a b c d e f THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
  73. ^ Bride of the Monster - Trailers From Hell
  74. ^ a b c d e f THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
  75. ^ a b c d e When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
  76. ^ a b c d Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
  77. ^ The Blob - Trailers From Hell
  78. ^ a b "MoMA | An Auteurist History of Film: Independent Animation, 1947–60". www.moma.org.
  79. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw Top 50 Indie Movies You Need to See Before You Die|Complex
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  84. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n More Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  85. ^ a b Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
  86. ^ REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
  87. ^ BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
  88. ^ a b c BLAST OF SILENCE Blu-Ray Review: A Cult Late Noir Gem Remastered - ScreenAnarchy
  89. ^ a b Review: Curtis Harrington's Night Tide on Kino Lorber Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
  90. ^ Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
  91. ^ Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
  92. ^ INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
  93. ^ How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
  94. ^ 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
  95. ^ a b Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
  96. ^ Carnival of Souls - Trailers From Hell
  97. ^ a b c d Arch Hall, Jr.: Inside the Wild Guitar - Off Beat Magazine
  98. ^ a b The Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters - DVD Drive-In
  99. ^ FILMS FOR CHILDREN (1972 program) on MoMA.org
  100. ^ a b c d The Moviegoing Experience, 1968-2001 - Google Books (pg.59)
  101. ^ Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
  102. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Help! I Love Watching Animated Shorts|Animation World Network
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  104. ^ 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
  105. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  106. ^ The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
  107. ^ a b The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
  108. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Not Hollywood - Google Books
  109. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
  110. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Outsider Features - Google Books
  111. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
  112. ^ The Last Picture Show - Trailers From Hell
  113. ^ Putney Swope - Trailers From Hell
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  115. ^ Joe - Trailers From Hell
  116. ^ a b The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  117. ^ a b c d e f When the Movies Mattered - Google Books
  118. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Best Indie Horror Films From The 1970s - Screen Rant
  119. ^ a b c d e Don Bluth Goes Independent - AWN.com
  120. ^ Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
  121. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
  122. ^ 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
  123. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
  124. ^ a b To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
  125. ^ a b c d e Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
  126. ^ Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
  127. ^ a b c d Indie Reframed: Women's Filmmaking and Contemporary American Independent Cinema on JSTOR
  128. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  129. ^ Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
  130. ^ MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
  131. ^ a b c d Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
  132. ^ Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
  133. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
  134. ^ a b c How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—It's Director's Career|Vanity Fair
  135. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
  136. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
  137. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Acting Indie - Google Books
  138. ^ a b America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
  139. ^ Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
  140. ^ "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
  141. ^ a b c d e f 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  142. ^ ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
  143. ^ Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
  144. ^ AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
  145. ^ The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  146. ^ a b c HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
  147. ^ a b c d e The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
  148. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood - Google Books (ch."Adventures in Indiewood")
  149. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
  150. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
  151. ^ a b c d e f g 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
  152. ^ a b c February 2023 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
  153. ^ a b Hair Piece by Ayoka Chenzira Enters US National Film Registry|Zippy Frames
  154. ^ BAM|Les Blank Program
  155. ^ a b c d e f g h i Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
  156. ^ a b c The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
  157. ^ Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
  158. ^ Repo Man|Quad Cinema
  159. ^ a b c d e f g Indie: An American Film Culture on JSTOR
  160. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 3) - Sundance Guiide
  161. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl Sundance - A Festival Virgin's Guide (3rd Edition) - Google Books (pgs.72-81)
  162. ^ a b 12 '80s-Era Indie Films to Swap Out for Your Old School Favorites|IndieWire
  163. ^ FILM LOOKS AT THE '39 WORLD FAIR - The New York Times
  164. ^ 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
  165. ^ Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
  166. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
  167. ^ a b "Indie 80s". bam.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015.
  168. ^ a b c d The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
  169. ^ The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
  170. ^ THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
  171. ^ Retro Sundance: 1988's "Brave Little Toaster" - The Film Experience
  172. ^ a b c d e f g An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
  173. ^ The Glorious, Good-Natured Mess of Miami Connection|Den of Geek
  174. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
  175. ^ a b c d Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
  176. ^ a b Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
  177. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
  178. ^ Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
  179. ^ a b July 2022 Programming on the Criterion Channel Annonuced - CriterionCast.com
  180. ^ a b c d e f g h i 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
  181. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
  182. ^ a b c Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
  183. ^ a b c d e The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
  184. ^ a b c d e f g h The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
  185. ^ a b Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
  186. ^ a b Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
  187. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
  188. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
  189. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  190. ^ Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
  191. ^ a b 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
  192. ^ a b Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
  193. ^ a b Queen of Diamonds - Chicago Reader
  194. ^ a b Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
  195. ^ The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
  196. ^ ONE FALSE MOVE 4K Review: Hold Your Breath, Never Relax - ScreenAnarchy
  197. ^ Carl Franklin Says ‘One False Move’ Early Screenings Caused ‘Mass Exodus’ - TheWrap
  198. ^ a b c Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
  199. ^ a b c d Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  200. ^ a b c d e f g A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
  201. ^ a b c "The Criterion Channel's March 2024 Lineup". The Criterion Channel. Feb 14, 2024.
  202. ^ a b c d e f Indie Animation King Bill Plympton|Animation Magazine
  203. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
  204. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
  205. ^ Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
  206. ^ For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
  207. ^ a b c d Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
  208. ^ a b c d e f g h Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
  209. ^ a b c d e f g h i j CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
  210. ^ a b Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
  211. ^ a b c d e Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
  212. ^ a b John Waters|Underground Film Journal
  213. ^ a b c d e f g h The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  214. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
  215. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
  216. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
  217. ^ a b Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  218. ^ a b c d The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
  219. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  220. ^ Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
  221. ^ What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
  222. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
  223. ^ The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
  224. ^ a b Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
  225. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Inside Indiewood|The Nation
  226. ^ a b Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
  227. ^ a b c d e Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  228. ^ John Pierson Interview On American Indies and IFC's 'Split Screen'|IndieWire
  229. ^ a b The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
  230. ^ CNN - The Biggest indie film ever made: 'Phantom Menace' - May 31, 1999
  231. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
  232. ^ a b The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
  233. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Best American Indies: 'Tangerine', 'Past Lives' and More|IndieWire
  234. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Indiewood - Backstage
  235. ^ Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
  236. ^ a b c d The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  237. ^ a b c d e f The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  238. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
  239. ^ 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
  240. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
  241. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
  242. ^ 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
  243. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  244. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  245. ^ a b Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
  246. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
  247. ^ Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
  248. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
  249. ^ a b c d "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
  250. ^ Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
  251. ^ Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
  252. ^ a b Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  253. ^ Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
  254. ^ a b Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
  255. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
  256. ^ 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
  257. ^ a b c d e Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
  258. ^ Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS
  259. ^ Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
  260. ^ a b c d 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
  261. ^ Sita Sings the blues|Zippy Frames
  262. ^ a b c d e f On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
  263. ^ Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
  264. ^ It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
  265. ^ a b c d e f Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
  266. ^ 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
  267. ^ a b Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
  268. ^ a b Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
  269. ^ Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
  270. ^ a b Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
  271. ^ Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
  272. ^ The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
  273. ^ a b Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
  274. ^ Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
  275. ^ It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
  276. ^ 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
  277. ^ 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
  278. ^ a b c d History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
  279. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag The best A24 films to date|EW.com
  280. ^ 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
  281. ^ LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
  282. ^ a b Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
  283. ^ a b The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
  284. ^ a b BUFS Behind-the-Scenes – Brock University (Communication, Popular Culture and Film)
  285. ^ a b c d e 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
  286. ^ a b Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
  287. ^ a b c Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
  288. ^ a b The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
  289. ^ 'Hair Love' Short Will Get North American Release In Front of 'Angry Birds 2'|Cartoon Brew
  290. ^ Indie Focus: A ballad of love and divorce in Marriage Story - Los Angeles Times
  291. ^ Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
  292. ^ Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
  293. ^ 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
  294. ^ Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
  295. ^ a b c Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
  296. ^ a b Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
  297. ^ How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
  298. ^ Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
  299. ^ Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
  300. ^ 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
  301. ^ a b A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
  302. ^ a b Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
  303. ^ a b c d e Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
  304. ^ Sara Dosa on 'Fire Of Love': "This forced me to work and think in a completely different way"|Features|Screen Daily
  305. ^ A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
  306. ^ 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
  307. ^ Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
  308. ^ A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
  309. ^ Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
  310. ^ A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
  311. ^ a b c The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
  312. ^ "You Can't Really Plan for Getting an Oscar": A Chat with Hubbel Palmer - SLUG Magazine
  313. ^ 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube
  314. ^ "War is Over": Animated Short Short Creates Timely Message of Humanity - IndieWire
  315. ^ a b c d e Our Film Critic on Why He's Done Wit the Movies - The New York Times
  316. ^ a b 12. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
  317. ^ Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
  318. ^ Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
  319. ^ a b Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
  320. ^ a b DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
  321. ^ MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
  322. ^ 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
  323. ^ A celebration of Will Vinton|Just Make Animation
  324. ^ Will Vinton, Oscar winner and pioneering Portland animator, dies at 70 - oregonlive.com
  325. ^ a b c Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  326. ^ ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
  327. ^ Indie Animation - WSJ
  328. ^ a b Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
  329. ^ Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
  330. ^ The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
  331. ^ Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
  332. ^ Biography: Mary Ellen Bute - Filmmaker - The Heroine Collective
  333. ^ CVM - Bute - Starr - Ideas on Film - Center for Visual Music
  334. ^ Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
  335. ^ Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
  336. ^ 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
  337. ^ House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
  338. ^ Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
  339. ^ a b c Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
  340. ^ Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
  341. ^ Sofia Coppola Wins Best Director at 2017 Cannes|Hypebae
  342. ^ The Fiercely Independent Films Of The 80s Get A Massive Cinefamily Showcase|LAist
  343. ^ Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
  344. ^ Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  345. ^ 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times

Bibliography[edit]

Notes[edit]

See also[edit]

External links[edit]

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