1988 United States presidential election in Virginia
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 County and Independent City Results
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| Elections in Virginia |
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The 1988 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Virginia voters chose 12 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.
Virginia was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.
Most counties in Virginia turned out for Bush, including the highly populated regions of Virginia Beach and Fairfax County. Bush ran strongly in most parts of the state, but in particular, he cracked sixty percent in populous Fairfax County, outside Washington, D.C., and got over 2/3 and 3/4 of the vote in the Richmond suburbs of Henrico and Chesterfield, respectively, which contributed to the swelling of his statewide margin. Dukakis did well in Arlington County, the independent cities of Richmond and Norfolk, in Virginia's Black Belt counties, and in some then-traditionally Democratic counties in heavily-unionized southwest Virginia.[1]
As of the 2020 presidential election[update], this is the last election in which Northampton County and the independent cities of Martinsville, Fredericksburg, and Hampton voted for a Republican presidential candidate. This was also the last time that a Republican won the majority of the vote in Fairfax County.[2]
Background[edit]
Every Republican presidential nominee following World War II had won Virginia except for the victories of Harry S. Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1948 and 1964 elections. Virginia was the only southern state that Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter failed to win in the 1976 election.[3]
The Republicans held Virginia's governorship from the 1969 election until Democratic nominee Chuck Robb's victory in 1981. The Democrats had also reduced the Republican control over the state's United States House of Representatives delegation from nine of ten seats in 1980 to five seats in 1986.[4]
Campaign[edit]
Jesse Jackson won the Democratic primary due to lower white turnout and increased black turnout. Jackson won 96% of the black vote and 12% of the white vote. Al Gore won 40% of the white vote while Michael Dukakis won 35%. The racial composition of the primary was 65% white and 35% black.[5]
49% of white voters participated in the Republican primary.[6]
69% of white voters supported Bush while 30% supported Dukakis.[7][8] Bush placed first in all of the state's congressional districts. Robb won in the concurrent senatorial election despite the Republican presidential victory.[9]
Results[edit]
| 1988 United States presidential election in Virginia[10] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Republican | George H. W. Bush | 1,309,162 | 59.74% | 12 | |
| Democratic | Michael Dukakis | 859,799 | 39.23% | 0 | |
| Independent | Lenora Fulani | 14,312 | 0.65% | 0 | |
| Libertarian | Ron Paul | 8,336 | 0.38% | 0 | |
| Totals | 2,191,609 | 100.0% | 12 | ||
Results by county or independent city[edit]
| County/City | George H.W. Bush Republican |
Michael Dukakis Democratic |
Lenora Fulani[11] Independent |
Ron Paul[11] Libertarian |
Margin | Total votes cast | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Accomack | 6,926 | 60.01% | 4,443 | 38.49% | 125 | 1.08% | 48 | 0.42% | 2,483 | 21.52% | 11,542 |
| Albemarle | 15,117 | 58.70% | 10,363 | 40.24% | 89 | 0.35% | 184 | 0.71% | 4,754 | 18.46% | 25,753 |
| Alexandria | 20,913 | 45.66% | 24,358 | 53.18% | 347 | 0.76% | 186 | 0.41% | -3,445 | -7.52% | 45,804 |
| Alleghany | 2,555 | 51.87% | 2,316 | 47.02% | 42 | 0.85% | 13 | 0.26% | 239 | 4.85% | 4,926 |
| Amelia | 2,187 | 60.85% | 1,359 | 37.81% | 26 | 0.72% | 22 | 0.61% | 828 | 23.04% | 3,594 |
| Amherst | 6,507 | 64.10% | 3,567 | 35.14% | 45 | 0.44% | 32 | 0.32% | 2,940 | 28.96% | 10,151 |
| Appomattox | 3,205 | 63.59% | 1,740 | 34.52% | 53 | 1.05% | 42 | 0.83% | 1,465 | 29.07% | 5,040 |
| Arlington | 34,191 | 45.37% | 40,314 | 53.49% | 442 | 0.59% | 418 | 0.55% | -6,123 | -8.12% | 75,365 |
| Augusta | 13,251 | 75.14% | 4,170 | 23.65% | 145 | 0.82% | 68 | 0.39% | 9,081 | 51.49% | 17,634 |
| Bath | 1,273 | 58.74% | 881 | 40.66% | 8 | 0.37% | 5 | 0.23% | 392 | 18.08% | 2,167 |
| Bedford | 10,702 | 65.33% | 5,406 | 33.00% | 205 | 1.25% | 69 | 0.42% | 5,296 | 32.33% | 16,382 |
| Bedford City | 1,322 | 56.79% | 960 | 41.24% | 36 | 1.55% | 10 | 0.43% | 362 | 15.55% | 2,328 |
| Bland | 1,556 | 61.12% | 937 | 36.80% | 38 | 1.49% | 15 | 0.59% | 619 | 24.32% | 2,546 |
| Botetourt | 5,687 | 59.30% | 3,763 | 39.23% | 92 | 0.96% | 49 | 0.51% | 1,924 | 20.07% | 9,591 |
| Bristol | 4,407 | 63.92% | 2,446 | 35.47% | 28 | 0.41% | 14 | 0.20% | 1,961 | 28.44% | 6,895 |
| Brunswick | 2,742 | 46.60% | 3,070 | 52.18% | 44 | 0.75% | 28 | 0.48% | -328 | -5.58% | 5,884 |
| Buchanan | 3,912 | 35.68% | 6,935 | 63.25% | 100 | 0.91% | 18 | 0.16% | -3,023 | -27.57% | 10,965 |
| Buckingham | 2,481 | 55.49% | 1,941 | 43.41% | 32 | 0.72% | 17 | 0.38% | 540 | 12.08% | 4,471 |
| Buena Vista | 1,121 | 56.08% | 828 | 41.42% | 37 | 1.85% | 13 | 0.65% | 293 | 14.66% | 1,999 |
| Campbell | 12,713 | 72.51% | 4,574 | 26.09% | 193 | 1.10% | 53 | 0.30% | 8,139 | 46.42% | 17,533 |
| Caroline | 3,065 | 48.71% | 3,186 | 50.64% | 21 | 0.33% | 20 | 0.32% | -121 | -1.93% | 6,292 |
| Carroll | 6,377 | 66.17% | 3,190 | 33.10% | 41 | 0.43% | 29 | 0.30% | 3,187 | 33.07% | 9,637 |
| Charles City | 826 | 30.59% | 1,839 | 68.11% | 18 | 0.67% | 17 | 0.63% | -1,013 | -37.52% | 2,700 |
| Charlotte | 2,699 | 57.44% | 1,923 | 40.92% | 56 | 1.19% | 21 | 0.45% | 776 | 16.52% | 4,699 |
| Charlottesville | 5,817 | 42.61% | 7,671 | 56.19% | 62 | 0.45% | 102 | 0.75% | -1,854 | -13.58% | 13,652 |
| Chesapeake | 29,738 | 60.87% | 18,828 | 38.54% | 173 | 0.35% | 116 | 0.24% | 10,910 | 22.33% | 48,855 |
| Chesterfield | 58,828 | 75.34% | 18,723 | 23.98% | 262 | 0.34% | 270 | 0.35% | 40,105 | 51.36% | 78,083 |
| Clarke | 2,502 | 62.24% | 1,478 | 36.77% | 12 | 0.30% | 28 | 0.70% | 1,024 | 25.47% | 4,020 |
| Clifton Forge | 759 | 43.65% | 961 | 55.26% | 10 | 0.58% | 9 | 0.52% | -202 | -11.61% | 1,739 |
| Colonial Heights | 6,001 | 78.57% | 1,581 | 20.70% | 25 | 0.33% | 31 | 0.41% | 4,420 | 57.87% | 7,638 |
| Covington | 1,274 | 43.70% | 1,567 | 53.76% | 41 | 1.41% | 33 | 1.13% | -293 | -10.06% | 2,915 |
| Craig | 1,112 | 55.46% | 864 | 43.09% | 16 | 0.80% | 13 | 0.65% | 248 | 12.37% | 2,005 |
| Culpeper | 5,896 | 68.57% | 2,555 | 29.71% | 103 | 1.20% | 45 | 0.52% | 3,341 | 38.86% | 8,599 |
| Cumberland | 1,978 | 62.61% | 1,132 | 35.83% | 34 | 1.08% | 15 | 0.47% | 846 | 26.78% | 3,159 |
| Danville | 12,221 | 61.49% | 7,353 | 37.00% | 224 | 1.13% | 76 | 0.38% | 4,868 | 24.49% | 19,874 |
| Dickenson | 3,091 | 40.65% | 4,461 | 58.67% | 36 | 0.47% | 16 | 0.21% | -1,370 | -18.02% | 7,604 |
| Dinwiddie | 4,165 | 54.38% | 3,405 | 44.46% | 51 | 0.67% | 38 | 0.50% | 760 | 9.92% | 7,659 |
| Emporia | 1,289 | 56.61% | 977 | 42.91% | 7 | 0.31% | 4 | 0.18% | 312 | 13.70% | 2,277 |
| Essex | 2,038 | 60.56% | 1,294 | 38.45% | 17 | 0.51% | 16 | 0.48% | 744 | 22.11% | 3,365 |
| Fairfax | 200,641 | 61.10% | 125,711 | 38.28% | 892 | 0.27% | 1,121 | 0.34% | 74,930 | 22.82% | 328,365 |
| Fairfax City | 5,576 | 61.27% | 3,430 | 37.69% | 49 | 0.54% | 46 | 0.51% | 2,146 | 23.58% | 9,101 |
| Falls Church | 2,470 | 49.51% | 2,484 | 49.79% | 17 | 0.34% | 18 | 0.36% | -14 | -0.28% | 4,989 |
| Fauquier | 11,733 | 69.86% | 4,837 | 28.80% | 161 | 0.96% | 65 | 0.39% | 6,896 | 41.06% | 16,796 |
| Floyd | 2,921 | 61.69% | 1,727 | 36.47% | 56 | 1.18% | 31 | 0.65% | 1,194 | 25.22% | 4,735 |
| Fluvanna | 2,447 | 60.29% | 1,562 | 38.48% | 26 | 0.64% | 24 | 0.59% | 885 | 21.81% | 4,059 |
| Franklin | 7,391 | 55.73% | 5,734 | 43.24% | 90 | 0.68% | 46 | 0.35% | 1,657 | 12.49% | 13,261 |
| Franklin City | 1,557 | 48.50% | 1,630 | 50.78% | 12 | 0.37% | 11 | 0.34% | -73 | -2.28% | 3,210 |
| Frederick | 9,921 | 72.33% | 3,707 | 27.02% | 42 | 0.31% | 47 | 0.34% | 6,214 | 45.31% | 13,717 |
| Fredericksburg | 3,401 | 55.26% | 2,683 | 43.60% | 40 | 0.65% | 30 | 0.49% | 718 | 11.66% | 6,154 |
| Galax | 1,278 | 58.09% | 907 | 41.23% | 8 | 0.36% | 7 | 0.32% | 371 | 16.86% | 2,200 |
| Giles | 3,490 | 52.50% | 3,042 | 45.76% | 80 | 1.20% | 36 | 0.54% | 448 | 6.74% | 6,648 |
| Gloucester | 7,646 | 68.38% | 3,372 | 30.16% | 116 | 1.04% | 47 | 0.42% | 4,274 | 38.22% | 11,181 |
| Goochland | 3,765 | 62.61% | 2,209 | 36.74% | 20 | 0.33% | 19 | 0.32% | 1,556 | 25.87% | 6,013 |
| Grayson | 3,968 | 61.51% | 2,441 | 37.84% | 35 | 0.54% | 7 | 0.11% | 1,527 | 23.67% | 6,451 |
| Greene | 2,234 | 69.29% | 899 | 27.88% | 72 | 2.23% | 19 | 0.59% | 1,335 | 41.41% | 3,224 |
| Greensville | 1,610 | 43.13% | 2,083 | 55.80% | 24 | 0.64% | 16 | 0.43% | -473 | -12.67% | 3,733 |
| Halifax | 5,671 | 56.02% | 4,282 | 42.30% | 97 | 0.96% | 74 | 0.73% | 1,389 | 13.72% | 10,124 |
| Hampton | 24,034 | 54.85% | 19,106 | 43.60% | 527 | 1.20% | 151 | 0.34% | 4,928 | 11.25% | 43,818 |
| Hanover | 20,570 | 76.99% | 5,985 | 22.40% | 75 | 0.28% | 88 | 0.33% | 14,585 | 54.59% | 26,718 |
| Harrisonburg | 5,376 | 64.86% | 2,799 | 33.77% | 84 | 1.01% | 29 | 0.35% | 2,577 | 31.09% | 8,288 |
| Henrico | 62,284 | 69.29% | 26,980 | 30.02% | 378 | 0.42% | 245 | 0.27% | 35,304 | 39.27% | 89,887 |
| Henry | 10,871 | 58.04% | 7,536 | 40.24% | 258 | 1.38% | 64 | 0.34% | 3,335 | 17.80% | 18,729 |
| Highland | 807 | 62.75% | 456 | 35.46% | 13 | 1.01% | 10 | 0.78% | 351 | 27.29% | 1,286 |
| Hopewell | 4,672 | 63.48% | 2,566 | 34.86% | 93 | 1.26% | 29 | 0.39% | 2,106 | 28.62% | 7,360 |
| Isle of Wight | 5,779 | 60.07% | 3,747 | 38.95% | 63 | 0.65% | 32 | 0.33% | 2,032 | 21.12% | 9,621 |
| James City | 8,945 | 64.95% | 4,642 | 33.70% | 124 | 0.90% | 62 | 0.45% | 4,303 | 31.25% | 13,773 |
| King and Queen | 1,376 | 50.46% | 1,309 | 48.00% | 26 | 0.95% | 16 | 0.59% | 67 | 2.46% | 2,727 |
| King George | 2,587 | 62.40% | 1,519 | 36.64% | 21 | 0.51% | 19 | 0.46% | 1,068 | 25.76% | 4,146 |
| King William | 2,735 | 62.89% | 1,561 | 35.89% | 31 | 0.71% | 22 | 0.51% | 1,174 | 27.00% | 4,349 |
| Lancaster | 3,380 | 67.02% | 1,551 | 30.76% | 84 | 1.67% | 28 | 0.56% | 1,829 | 36.26% | 5,043 |
| Lee | 4,080 | 45.11% | 4,906 | 54.24% | 30 | 0.33% | 29 | 0.32% | -826 | -9.13% | 9,045 |
| Lexington | 994 | 49.11% | 997 | 49.26% | 21 | 1.04% | 12 | 0.59% | -3 | -0.15% | 2,024 |
| Loudoun | 20,448 | 66.26% | 10,101 | 32.73% | 206 | 0.67% | 107 | 0.35% | 10,347 | 33.53% | 30,862 |
| Louisa | 3,831 | 57.16% | 2,789 | 41.61% | 42 | 0.63% | 40 | 0.60% | 1,042 | 15.55% | 6,702 |
| Lunenburg | 2,530 | 56.27% | 1,870 | 41.59% | 76 | 1.69% | 20 | 0.44% | 660 | 14.68% | 4,496 |
| Lynchburg | 15,323 | 64.04% | 8,279 | 34.60% | 243 | 1.02% | 81 | 0.34% | 7,044 | 29.44% | 23,926 |
| Madison | 2,501 | 62.12% | 1,427 | 35.44% | 59 | 1.47% | 39 | 0.97% | 1,074 | 26.68% | 4,026 |
| Manassas | 5,980 | 68.59% | 2,658 | 30.49% | 55 | 0.63% | 26 | 0.30% | 3,322 | 38.10% | 8,719 |
| Manassas Park | 993 | 68.67% | 434 | 30.01% | 9 | 0.62% | 10 | 0.69% | 559 | 38.66% | 1,446 |
| Martinsville | 3,360 | 53.64% | 2,794 | 44.60% | 86 | 1.37% | 24 | 0.38% | 566 | 9.04% | 6,264 |
| Mathews | 2,752 | 67.52% | 1,235 | 30.30% | 57 | 1.40% | 32 | 0.79% | 1,517 | 37.22% | 4,076 |
| Mecklenburg | 5,887 | 63.45% | 3,275 | 35.30% | 71 | 0.77% | 45 | 0.49% | 2,612 | 28.15% | 9,278 |
| Middlesex | 2,571 | 63.99% | 1,361 | 33.87% | 42 | 1.05% | 44 | 1.10% | 1,210 | 30.12% | 4,018 |
| Montgomery | 12,326 | 57.48% | 8,909 | 41.55% | 98 | 0.46% | 111 | 0.52% | 3,417 | 15.93% | 21,444 |
| Nelson | 2,502 | 51.60% | 2,272 | 46.86% | 35 | 0.72% | 40 | 0.82% | 230 | 4.74% | 4,849 |
| New Kent | 2,917 | 66.54% | 1,427 | 32.55% | 20 | 0.46% | 20 | 0.46% | 1,490 | 33.99% | 4,384 |
| Newport News | 32,570 | 59.88% | 21,413 | 39.37% | 287 | 0.53% | 125 | 0.23% | 11,157 | 20.51% | 54,395 |
| Norfolk | 30,538 | 44.33% | 37,778 | 54.84% | 347 | 0.50% | 228 | 0.33% | -7,240 | -10.51% | 68,891 |
| Northampton | 2,562 | 52.00% | 2,242 | 45.50% | 94 | 1.91% | 29 | 0.59% | 320 | 6.50% | 4,927 |
| Northumberland | 2,984 | 65.14% | 1,506 | 32.87% | 61 | 1.33% | 30 | 0.65% | 1,478 | 32.27% | 4,581 |
| Norton | 608 | 42.73% | 795 | 55.87% | 15 | 1.05% | 5 | 0.35% | -187 | -13.14% | 1,423 |
| Nottoway | 3,161 | 57.38% | 2,217 | 40.24% | 103 | 1.87% | 28 | 0.51% | 944 | 17.14% | 5,509 |
| Orange | 4,319 | 61.57% | 2,592 | 36.95% | 69 | 0.98% | 35 | 0.50% | 1,727 | 24.62% | 7,015 |
| Page | 5,013 | 66.18% | 2,499 | 32.99% | 35 | 0.46% | 28 | 0.37% | 2,514 | 33.19% | 7,575 |
| Patrick | 3,990 | 64.06% | 2,093 | 33.60% | 124 | 1.99% | 22 | 0.35% | 1,897 | 30.46% | 6,229 |
| Petersburg | 4,231 | 33.60% | 8,177 | 64.94% | 131 | 1.04% | 52 | 0.41% | -3,946 | -31.34% | 12,591 |
| Pittsylvania | 12,229 | 63.69% | 6,612 | 34.44% | 283 | 1.47% | 77 | 0.40% | 5,617 | 29.25% | 19,201 |
| Poquoson | 3,840 | 80.83% | 877 | 18.46% | 18 | 0.38% | 16 | 0.34% | 2,963 | 62.37% | 4,751 |
| Portsmouth | 16,087 | 44.61% | 19,698 | 54.63% | 166 | 0.46% | 108 | 0.30% | -3,611 | -10.02% | 36,059 |
| Powhatan | 4,040 | 72.91% | 1,467 | 26.48% | 16 | 0.29% | 18 | 0.32% | 2,573 | 46.43% | 5,541 |
| Prince Edward | 3,147 | 55.02% | 2,434 | 42.55% | 95 | 1.66% | 44 | 0.77% | 713 | 12.47% | 5,720 |
| Prince George | 4,982 | 66.29% | 2,469 | 32.85% | 38 | 0.51% | 26 | 0.35% | 2,513 | 33.44% | 7,515 |
| Prince William | 39,654 | 66.70% | 19,198 | 32.29% | 434 | 0.73% | 167 | 0.28% | 20,456 | 34.41% | 59,453 |
| Pulaski | 6,844 | 58.40% | 4,686 | 39.99% | 140 | 1.19% | 49 | 0.42% | 2,158 | 18.41% | 11,719 |
| Radford | 2,481 | 56.84% | 1,855 | 42.50% | 21 | 0.48% | 8 | 0.18% | 626 | 14.34% | 4,365 |
| Rappahannock | 1,657 | 61.69% | 1,003 | 37.34% | 8 | 0.30% | 18 | 0.67% | 654 | 24.35% | 2,686 |
| Richmond | 1,862 | 66.24% | 924 | 32.87% | 15 | 0.53% | 10 | 0.36% | 938 | 33.37% | 2,811 |
| Richmond City | 31,586 | 42.26% | 42,155 | 56.41% | 639 | 0.86% | 356 | 0.48% | -10,569 | -14.15% | 74,736 |
| Roanoke | 22,011 | 62.61% | 12,938 | 36.80% | 115 | 0.33% | 93 | 0.26% | 9,073 | 25.81% | 35,157 |
| Roanoke City | 15,389 | 46.90% | 17,185 | 52.37% | 132 | 0.40% | 107 | 0.33% | -1,796 | -5.47% | 32,813 |
| Rockbridge | 3,541 | 58.41% | 2,412 | 39.79% | 65 | 1.07% | 44 | 0.73% | 1,129 | 18.62% | 6,062 |
| Rockingham | 13,241 | 72.59% | 4,716 | 25.85% | 190 | 1.04% | 94 | 0.52% | 8,525 | 46.74% | 18,241 |
| Russell | 4,374 | 40.68% | 6,222 | 57.86% | 130 | 1.21% | 27 | 0.25% | -1,848 | -17.18% | 10,753 |
| Salem | 5,694 | 59.77% | 3,760 | 39.47% | 40 | 0.42% | 33 | 0.35% | 1,934 | 20.30% | 9,527 |
| Scott | 4,986 | 56.76% | 3,616 | 41.16% | 139 | 1.58% | 44 | 0.50% | 1,370 | 15.60% | 8,785 |
| Shenandoah | 8,612 | 71.74% | 3,276 | 27.29% | 67 | 0.56% | 49 | 0.41% | 5,336 | 44.45% | 12,004 |
| Smyth | 7,446 | 63.49% | 3,989 | 34.02% | 236 | 2.01% | 56 | 0.48% | 3,457 | 29.47% | 11,727 |
| South Boston | 1,694 | 64.05% | 936 | 35.39% | 11 | 0.42% | 4 | 0.15% | 758 | 28.66% | 2,645 |
| Southampton | 3,439 | 52.96% | 3,000 | 46.20% | 35 | 0.54% | 19 | 0.29% | 439 | 6.76% | 6,493 |
| Spotsylvania | 10,978 | 66.16% | 5,486 | 33.06% | 84 | 0.51% | 45 | 0.27% | 5,492 | 33.10% | 16,593 |
| Stafford | 12,234 | 69.07% | 5,380 | 30.37% | 55 | 0.31% | 43 | 0.24% | 6,854 | 38.70% | 17,712 |
| Staunton | 5,775 | 69.29% | 2,457 | 29.48% | 87 | 1.04% | 15 | 0.18% | 3,318 | 39.81% | 8,334 |
| Suffolk | 9,742 | 54.27% | 8,080 | 45.01% | 79 | 0.44% | 49 | 0.27% | 1,662 | 9.26% | 17,950 |
| Surry | 1,246 | 42.98% | 1,602 | 55.26% | 22 | 0.76% | 29 | 1.00% | -356 | -12.28% | 2,899 |
| Sussex | 1,822 | 46.77% | 1,958 | 50.26% | 79 | 2.03% | 37 | 0.95% | -136 | -3.49% | 3,896 |
| Tazewell | 7,165 | 46.37% | 8,098 | 52.40% | 152 | 0.98% | 38 | 0.25% | -933 | -6.03% | 15,453 |
| Virginia Beach | 76,481 | 68.89% | 33,780 | 30.43% | 397 | 0.36% | 360 | 0.32% | 42,701 | 38.46% | 111,018 |
| Warren | 4,700 | 61.86% | 2,769 | 36.44% | 103 | 1.36% | 26 | 0.34% | 1,931 | 25.42% | 7,598 |
| Washington | 10,722 | 63.45% | 5,819 | 34.43% | 293 | 1.73% | 65 | 0.38% | 4,903 | 29.02% | 16,899 |
| Waynesboro | 4,672 | 68.72% | 2,038 | 29.97% | 67 | 0.99% | 22 | 0.32% | 2,634 | 38.75% | 6,799 |
| Westmoreland | 2,974 | 55.38% | 2,311 | 43.04% | 60 | 1.12% | 25 | 0.47% | 663 | 12.34% | 5,370 |
| Williamsburg | 1,648 | 50.91% | 1,534 | 47.39% | 26 | 0.80% | 29 | 0.90% | 114 | 3.52% | 3,237 |
| Winchester | 4,497 | 65.53% | 2,300 | 33.52% | 25 | 0.36% | 40 | 0.58% | 2,197 | 32.01% | 6,862 |
| Wise | 6,189 | 46.23% | 7,017 | 52.42% | 130 | 0.97% | 50 | 0.37% | -828 | -6.19% | 13,386 |
| Wythe | 5,827 | 63.17% | 3,201 | 34.70% | 170 | 1.84% | 27 | 0.29% | 2,626 | 28.47% | 9,225 |
| York | 11,103 | 69.96% | 4,639 | 29.23% | 84 | 0.53% | 45 | 0.28% | 6,464 | 40.73% | 15,871 |
| Totals | 1,309,162 | 59.74% | 859,799 | 39.23% | 14,312 | 0.65% | 8,336 | 0.38% | 449,363 | 20.51% | 2,191,609 |
Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to Democratic[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Priest, Dana (October 1, 1989). "COAL STRIKE STUBBORNLY PASSES 6-MONTH MARK IN VA". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
- ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 235-236.
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 237.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 263-266.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 288.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 295.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 335.
- ^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 239.
- ^ Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8, 1988" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 50.
- ^ a b "VA US President Race, November 08, 1988". Our Campaigns.
Works cited[edit]
- Black, Earl; Black, Merle (1992). The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674941306.
- Moreland, Laurence; Steed, Robert; Baker, Tod, eds. (1991). The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275931455.
