History and traditions of Harvard commencements

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Meryl Streep, Hon. D.A. 2010[1]
(l-r) US Navy Secretary (and Har­vard Overseer) George Meyer; Prof. Frank W. Taussig; Pres. Eliot (who dis­dained academic regalia);[2] Bishop (and Overseer) William Lawrence (1911)

What was originally called Harvard Colledge,[3] around which Harvard University eventually grew,[4] held its first Commencement in September 1642, when nine degrees were conferred.[5] Commencements have been held roughly every year, and cancelled less than a dozen times, primarily because of smallpox outbreaks in the 18th century and the American Revolution.[6][7]

Today some 1700 undergraduate degrees, and 5000 advanced degrees from the university's various graduate and professional schools, are conferred each Commencement Day.

Several hundred[8] Harvard honorary degrees (which with few exceptions had to be accepted in person after 1900)[9][10] have been awarded since the first was bestowed on Benjamin Franklin in 1753.[11]

As of 2024,[12] each degree candidate attends two ceremonies: the Morning Exercises, at which degrees are conferred verbally en masse; a smaller midday ceremony, at the candidate's professional or graduate school or undergraduate House, at which diplomas are given in hand.

The ceremonies shifted from late summer to late June in the nineteenth century, and are now held at the end of May.[13]

Daybreak rituals[edit]

Seating for degree candidates in Tercentenary Theatre, with banners displaying arms of the various graduate and professional schools, and upperclass houses. Beyond the trees are the columns of Widener Library.

Most upperclass Houses have preliminary rituals of their own. At Lowell House, for example, a perambulating bagpiper alerts seniors at 6:15 am for a 6:30 breakfast in the House dining hall with members of the Senior Common Room, after which all process (along with members of Eliot House, who have been similarly roused) to Memorial Church for a chapel service at 7:45.[14][15]

Morning Exercises[edit]

Early commencements were held in a variety of locations, all indoors. They were held in Sanders Theatre from 1874 until 1916, when they were moved to Harvard Stadium. Since 1922, Morning Exercises have been held in the central green of Harvard Yard, known as Tercentenary Theatre. The dais is before the steps of Memorial Church, facing Widener Library.[16]

Some 32,000 people attend the event, including university officials, civic dignitaries, faculty, honorees, alumni, family and guests. Degree candidates wear cap and gown or other academic regalia (see Academic regalia of Harvard University).[17]

Academic Parade[edit]

The first to enter are candidates for graduate and professional degrees, followed by alumni and alumnae. Candidates for undergraduate degrees enter next, traditionally removing headgear as they pass the John Harvard statue en route.[18][19] Finally comes the President's Procession, as follows:[5][20]

Holyoke Chair[edit]

The "bizarre" Holyoke Chair, reserved for Harvard's president

At Cambridge. Is kept in the College there.
Seems but little the worse for wear.
That's remarkable when I say
It was old in President Holyoke's day.

Oliver Wendell Holmes (1858)[31][32]

On the dais the President occupies the Holyoke Chair, an uncomfortable and treach­er­ous Elizabethan turned chair reserved for such ceremonies since at least 1770 (when it was already some two hundred years old). Called "bizarre ... with a complex frame and top-heavy superstructure", its "square framework set on the single rear post makes [it] tip over easily to either side."[33] A stabilizing "fin" was added at the rear sometime in the 20th century.[34]

"It was just uncomfortable. I don’t know how to describe it," recalled Derek Bok, Harvard's 25th president (1971–1991), whose mother embroidered a "much-needed" cushion for use with it.[34] Said the Harvard Gazette in 2007:

When the chair holds its robed occupant, onlookers cannot detect the odd geometry by which its triangular seat points toward a square back rippling with knobby dowels and finials. Perhaps by striking their own precarious balance in this strange seat of authority, the successors of Edward Holyoke [Harvard's president 1737–1769] come to sense what the job is all about.[note 4]

Ceremonies[edit]

1947 honorands: J. Robert Oppen­heimer (left), George C. Marshall (third left, speaking with Pres. James B. Conant), Omar N. Bradley (third right), T.S. Eliot (2nd right).

At the University Marshal's call ("Mister Sheriff, pray give us order") the Middlesex Sheriff takes to the dais, strikes it thrice with the butt of his staff, and intones, "The meeting will be in order."[22] Three student speakers (Undergraduate English, Undergraduate Latin, and Graduate English) are introduced and deliver their addresses. As of 2024, each orator is selected through an open competition process.[36]

Then, according to the order in which the various graduate and professional schools were created,[citation needed] the dean of each school steps forward to present, en masse, that school's degree candidates. Each group stands for the President's incantation conferring their degrees, which is followed by a traditional welcome or exhortation: doctoral graduates, for example, are welcomed "to the ancient and universal company of scholars", while law graduates are reminded to "aid in the shaping and application of those wise restraints that make us free." Last to be graduated are the bachelor's candidates, who are then welcomed to "the fellowship of educated men and women."[5]

Honorary degrees are then bestowed. Finally, all rise to sing "The Harvard Hymn",[37][38][39] that the trustees, faculty and benefactors will manifest (respectively) integrity, wisdom, and generosity.[40] After a benediction is said, the Middlesex Sheriff declares the ceremony closed and the President's Procession departs.[41]

Once the dais is clear the Harvard Band strikes up and the Memorial Church bell commences to peal,[38] joined by bells throughout Cambridge for most of the following hour.[note 5][42]

Broadside, in Latin, for 1791 exer­cises: "The Illustrious John Hancock, Esq., LL.D., Governor; Honorable Samuel Adams, Esq., Vice-Governor..."
Order of the Exercises (1801) opening with "A Salutatory Oration in Latin"

Mid-day ceremonies[edit]

After the Morning Exercises, each graduate or professional school, and each upperclass House, holds a smaller ceremony (with luncheon) at which its member-graduates are called forward by name to receive their diplomas in hand.

Alumni Association meeting and afternoon addresses[edit]

For many years, at the afternoon meeting of the Harvard Alumni Association, the President and the Commencement Day speaker delivered their addresses. However, in 2022, the Alumni Association meeting was moved to a week after commencement, as cancellations during COVID "helped lead to the re-thinking about purpose and forums."[43]

US Secretary of State (and former Army general) George C. Marshall's address at the 1947 commencement famously outlined a plan (soon known as the Marshall Plan) for the economic revival of post–World War II Europe.[44]

Historical notes[edit]

Sheriffs[edit]

Lionel de Jersey Harvard (r) with fellow seniors, 1915
Outside Sever Gate, 2015

"Our fathers ... closely associated the thirst for learning and that for beer", a 1924 Harvard history observed,[5] so that (a modern survey continued) the sheriffs' presence at Commencements "has a practical origin. Feasting, drinking, and merrymaking at earlier commencements often got out of hand. Fights were not unheard of", and commencements in various years have featured two-headed calves, an elephant, and Indians-versus-scholars archery competitions.[22] Such goings-on were sufficiently common knowledge that in 1749, Bostonian William Douglass explained to a general readership that the siege and capture of Louisbourg had been "carried on in a tumultuary random Manner, and resembled a Cambridge Commencement."[45]

Thus in 1781,

For the prevention of Disorders on Commence­ment day, [the Corporation] voted that the Honble Henry Gardner Esq: and the Honble Abraham Fuller Esq: Justices of the Peace thro' the State, and Loammi Baldwin Esq: Sheriff of the County of Middlesex, be requested to give their attendance on that day ...[24]

During the tenure of Increase Mather (Harvard's president from 1692 to 1701) efforts were made toward the "Reformation of those excesses ... [of] Commencement day and weeke at the Colledge, [sic] so that I might [prevent] disorder and profaneness"[5]‍—‌for Harvard officials a recurring headache.[note 6]

Sartorial regulations[edit]

To curb sartorial displays of wealth and social status[clarification needed] the 1807 Laws of Harvard College provided that, on Commencement day,

[E]very Candidate for a first degree shall be clothed in a black gown, or in a coat of blue grey, a dark blue, or a black color; and no one shall wear any silk nightgown, on said day, nor any gold or silver lace, cord, or edging upon his hat, waistcoat, or any other part of his clothing, in the College, or town of Cambridge.[40]

2024 commencement[edit]

More than 1,000 participants walked out of the 2024 commencement ceremony in "mass discontent over the decision to bar 13 pro-Palestine College student protesters from graduating."[46][47][48] An alternative "People's Commencement" was held in opposition at the Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church in Cambridge, although later church pastors said the protest was unauthorized.[49]

Commencement speakers[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b The governor and sheriffs are among several public officials, not otherwise affiliated with Harvard, who have long taken part in the ceremonies.[clarification needed][24] By tradition the Middlesex Sheriff closes the ceremony by crying, "The meeting is adjourned," though in 1997 Sheriff James DiPaola, "in his first Harvard Commence­ment and clearly enjoying his role, wanted more lines. At the end he boomed, 'Marshal ! As the sheriff of Middlesex County, I have news! The meeting is adjourned ! '" [25]

    Not all outside participants have been wholeheartedly enthusiastic. In the 1930s Governor Paul Dever,[when?] to the chagrin of Harvard officials and alumni, shunned the pre­scribed morning coat for a regular tuxedo and straw hat, and Governor James Michael Curley[when?] appeared in silk stockings, knee britches, powdered wig, and a tricorn hat with plume. (When challenged by Harvard officials‍—‌"the story goes", according to the Harvard Crimson‍—‌Curley produced the Massachusetts Bay Colony's statutes covering Harvard Commence­ment dress, and on the basis of its authority claimed to be the only person present who was properly attired.)

    In 1970 Middlesex Sheriff John J. Buckley objected to the traditional costume he would be required to wear. After Suffolk Sheriff Thomas S. Eisenstadt was asked to open and close in Buckley's stead, Cambridge mayor Alfred Vellucci mused, "Now I see they're going to have Tom Eisenstadt march with the sword. Where is he going to get a sword unless he borrows one from the Don Juan Drum and Bugle Corps?" [26] (The Don Juan Drum an Bugle Corps – now inactive – was a competitive junior drum and bugle corps founded by Vellucci and his wife in 1965.)[27][28][29]

  2. ^ "[Morris Hicky Morgan] was the first regular University Marshal, with the title of Marshal of Commence­ment from 1896 to 1908 and of University Marshal until his death in March 1910. A Chief Marshal had been appointed for the Bicentennial Celebration in 1836 and for the 250th Celebration in 1886. It has not been discovered who ran ordinary academic exercises before 1896; probably an ad hoc Marshal was appointed," wrote Mason Hammond in the Harvard Library bulletin.[23]
  3. ^ "As recently as Francis Sargent's 1970 attendance, the Governor of Massachusetts traditionally arrived at Commence­ment with 17th-century mounted, scarlet-coated guard, which escorted him from the State House to the Johnston Gate. The guard bore pikes, somewhat less useful today than when Governor Thomas Dudley rode to the first Commence­ment despite warnings of possible ambush by Indians." [5]
  4. ^ [31] Measuring 46.5 in (118 cm) high and 32.5 in (83 cm) wide, its seat about 20 inches (51 cm) from the floor and about as deep, the Holyoke Chair is thought to have been made in England or Wales between 1550 and 1600.[33] "[A] display of virtuoso turning," it was bought for Harvard by Holyoke, who saw it as "suitable to the authority of the presi­dent and establishing an iconographic link between Harvard College and its late-medieval English prototypes, Oxford and Cambridge," in the words of Jonathan Fairbanks and Robert Trent. Although the "thronelike quality [lends] an official air, [chairs of this design] were undoubtedly domestic chairs originally",[33] and indeed (according to a 1903 New York Times article) its use by Holyoke was at first "merely as a serviceable piece of every-day furniture." [35]

    Even after its first recorded ceremonial use (at the 1770 installation of Presi­dent Samuel Locke) the Presi­dent's Chair "used to stand in the Harvard library [Gore Hall], where, according to tradition, it gave a student the right to kiss any young woman whom he was showing through the college and who thoughtlessly sat down on it. Whether or not the privilege was often or ever taken advantage of the present generation has no means of knowing." [35] The Fogg Museum now has custody between ceremonial uses.[31]

  5. ^ The other participating bells are those of the Harvard Business School's Baker Hall, Christ Church Cambridge, the Harvard Divinity School's Andover Hall, the Church of the New Jerusalem, First Church Congregational, First Parish Unitarian Universalist, First Baptist Church, St. Paul Roman Catholic Church, St.  Peter's Roman Catholic Church, University Lutheran Church, Holy Trinity Armenian Apostolic Church, North Prospect United Church of Christ, and St. Anthony's Church.
  6. ^ In 1721, "For the preventing Extravagencies at Commencemts. [The Corporation voted] 1. That the Order ... phibiting any Scholar to have Plum-cake &c in his Study or Chamber [at] Commence­ment be strictly observed. 2. That all mix'd drink make with distill'd Spts be also phibited ... 3. That the Presidt and Fellows be desired to exhort & direct the Scholars to be more moderate and frugall in the Entertainmts. 4. And that the publick dinner usual on the day after Commencmt be lessen'd or laid aside, as the Presidt and Fellows of the House [i.e. the Tutors][clarification needed] shall think most convenient."

    In 1722, the Corporation "took more stringent action still": "Whereas the Countrey in general and the College in Particular have bin under Such Circumstances, as call aloud for Humiliation, and all due manifestations of it; and that a Suitable retrenchmt of every thing that has the face of Exorbitance or [extravegence] in Expences, especially at Commencmt out to be endeavrd. And Whereas the preparations & pvisions that have bin wont to be made at those ties have bin the Occasion of no Small disorders; It is Agreed, and Voted, That henceforth no preparation nor Provision either of Plumb-Cake or rosted, boiled or baked Meats & Pyes of any kind shalbe made by any Commencer, nore shal any such have any distilled Liquors, or any Composition made therewth."

    "These regulations proving ineffectual," in 1726 the Corporation, "having now had some Discourse about the great Disorders & Immoralities yt have attended ye Publick Commence­ments; it is agreed yt ye Several Members of ye Corporation will Jndeavour to think of wt may be a proper method for ye preventing of such Disorders & Immoralities ..." [24]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Honorary degrees awarded". Harvard Gazette. May 27, 2010.
  2. ^ Boatner, E.B. "Pumps and Circumstance: A Guide to Academic Garb". Harvard University. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  3. ^ Charter of the President and Fellows of Harvard College
  4. ^ Samuel Eliot Morison (1968). The Founding of Harvard College. Harvard University Press. pp. 4, 168.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Hightower, Marvin. "The Spirit & Spectacle of Harvard Commence­ment". Harvard University. Open access icon
  6. ^ harvardgazette (2007-05-31). "Commencement feasting, customs, color date to medieval Europe". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  7. ^ Driscoll, Timothy. "Research Guides: Harvard Historical Disruptions: Harvard Commencements (and canceled Commencements)". guides.library.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  8. ^ University, Harvard. "History of honorary degrees". Harvard University. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  9. ^ Elkins, Kimball C. 1958. "Honorary degrees at Harvard." Harvard Library Bulletin XII (3), Autumn 1958: 326-353.
  10. ^ Driscoll, Timothy. "Research Guides: Harvard Historical Disruptions: Harvard Commencements (and canceled Commencements)". guides.library.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  11. ^ "Honorary Degrees". Harvard University. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  12. ^ "Events Schedule". commencement.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  13. ^ "Events Schedule". commencement.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  14. ^ "Yard Ceremony". Lowell House. Archived from the original on 2013-09-14.
  15. ^ Ireland, Corydon; Koch, Katie; Walsh, Colleen (May 26, 2011). "Moments that make Commence­ment". Harvard Gazette.
  16. ^ Driscoll, Timothy. "Research Guides: Harvard Historical Disruptions: Harvard Commencements (and canceled Commencements)". guides.library.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  17. ^ "Graduate and Professional Schools". Harvard University Commence­ment Office.
  18. ^ Callan, Richard L. (April 28, 1984). "100 Dears of Solitude: John Harvard Finishes His First Century". Harvard Crimson.
  19. ^ Rose, Cynthia (May 1999). "Reading the Regalia: A guide to deciphering the academic dress code". Harvard Magazine.
  20. ^ "Morning Exercises". commencement.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference wonderment was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ a b c Cromie, William J. (May 31, 2007). "Commencement feasting, customs, color date to medieval Europe". Harvard Gazette. Open access icon
  23. ^ Hammond, Mason (Summer 1987). "Official Terms in Latin and English for Harvard College or University". Harvard Library bulletin. Vol. XXXV, no. 3. Harvard University. pp. 294–310.
  24. ^ a b c Matthews, Albert (1917). Harvard Commence­ment Days 1642–1916. Vol. XVIII. Transactions 1915–1916. pp. 309–384. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  25. ^ "John Harvard's Journal: Commence­ment Confetti". Harvard Magazine. July–August 1997.
  26. ^ Epps, Garrett (June 10, 1970). "Sheriff Cops out on Commence­ment". Harvard Crimson.
  27. ^ "Don Juans of Cambridge". www.warriorfilmmakers.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
  28. ^ Hall, George (1968-10-11). "Al Vellucci: The Politics of Disguise". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
  29. ^ Steve Vickers (2003). A history of drum & bugle corps. Sights & Sounds, Inc. p. 49.
  30. ^ "The Charter of the Presi­dent and Fellows of Harvard College" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12.
  31. ^ a b c Hightower, Marvin (September 24, 2007). "The Presi­dent's Chair". Harvard Gazette. Open access icon
  32. ^ Holmes, Oliver Wendell (October 1858). "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table (Part 12 of 12)". Atlantic Monthly. Vol. 2, no. 5. p. 626.
  33. ^ a b c Fairbanks, Jonathan L; Trent, Robert (1982). New England Begins: The Seven­teenth Century. Vol. 3. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Department of American Decorative Arts and Sculpture. p. 512.
  34. ^ a b Senzer, Benjamin D. (February 15, 2018). "When The President Took A Seat". Harvard Crimson.
  35. ^ a b "Harvard's Old Colonial Chair – Thirteen Presi­dents Have Used It in Turn" (PDF). New York Times. February 22, 1903. Open access icon
  36. ^ "Commencement Speech Competition". commencement.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  37. ^ James Bradstreet Greenough; John Knowles Paine. "The Harvard Hymn". [better source needed]
  38. ^ a b Rossano, Cynthia W. (May–June 2000). "Grace Notes". Harvard Magazine.
  39. ^ "John Harvard's Journal: Center of Attention". Harvard Magazine. July–August 2011.
  40. ^ a b Rossano, Cynthia (May 1997). "These Festival Rites". Harvard Magazine. Open access icon
  41. ^ "Graduate and Professional Schools". commencement.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  42. ^ gazetteterrymurphy (2024-05-23). "Ringing of bells marks 373rd Commencement". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  43. ^ "Celebrating Alumni, Anew | Harvard Magazine". www.harvardmagazine.com. 2021-12-07. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  44. ^ Bethell, John T. (May 1997). "The Ultimate Commence­ment Address: The Making of George C. Marshall's "routine" speech"". Harvard Magazine.
  45. ^ Douglass, William (1755). A Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North-America: Containing I. Some General Account of Ancient and Modern Colonies, the Granting and Settling of the British Continent and West-India Island Colonies ... II. The Hudson's-Bay Company's Lodges ... III. Newfoundland Harbours and Cod-fishery : IV. The Province of L'Acadie Or Nova Scotia ... V. The Several Grants ... United by a New Charter in the Present Province of Massachusetts-Bay, Commonly Called New-England. Boston, New England, printed, London, re-printed for R. Baldwin.
  46. ^ "Outrage at Decision to Deny Diplomas to 13 Pro-Palestine Students Overshadows Harvard Commencement | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  47. ^ Palumbo, Alysha; LeBlanc • •, Steve (2024-05-23). "Group of graduates, faculty walk out of Harvard commencement chanting 'Free, free Palestine'". NBC Boston. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  48. ^ "Students walk out of Harvard commencement". www.wbur.org. 2024-05-23. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  49. ^ "Church Says It Did Not Authorize 'People's Commencement' Protest After Harvard Graduation Walkout | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  50. ^ "Maria Ressa named 2024 Commencement speaker". Harvard Gazette. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  51. ^ Ellement, John R. (March 21, 2023). "Tom Hanks to deliver Harvard commencement address". The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
  52. ^ "Merrick Garland to speak at Commencement for Classes of 2020 and 2021". The Harvard Gazette. March 21, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
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External links[edit]

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